At a time when spectrum regulation across Europe is seeking to adapt to a more market-focused approach, the interplay with investment management issues, technology innovators and new market entrants is being stress-tested. It will be some time before the full impact of these changes will be measured in terms of service diversity, choice, quality and the effective management of finite spectrum resources. In this presentation, the speaker illustrates the potential impacts by reference to current examples and invite delegates to consider the risks and benefits for economic development.