Policy-makers need credible ways to move technology development and diffusion which complements carbon markets and: focuses on outcomes that are not reliant on the "magic of price mechanism"; leverages on-going investment in MICs (middle income countries); maximises the use of global innovation networks; fits with energy security priorities in MICs; gives bespoke instruments in each sector, balancing push and pull factors (there is no technology-neutral solution); and engages the private sector as collaborators and competitors, understanding investor risk-reward balance.