Testing of advanced transmission line protection relays

Modern distance protection relays are complex multifunctional devices based on classical or advanced operating principles that impose special requirements for their testing. The presentation analyzes the functionality, the functional hierarchy and the schemes typically available in distance relays. It then discusses the methodology for testing of such relays. Testing of individual protection and non-protection elements, superimposed components based functions, complex protection functions and communications based transmission line protection schemes are described in detail.