High-impedance fault location formulation: a least-square estimator-based approach

The location procedure of high-impedance faults (HIFs) is a very difficult task and represents a great challenge for distance protection of transmission lines due to the under-reach and overreach effects. A new contribution for high impedance fault location for short transmission lines is proposed. The basic idea consists in solving an overestimated system using the method of least squares to locate the fault point. To evaluate the proposed approach, HIFs are simulated in a 100-km/230-kV transmission line. The test results show that the proposed approach has a high accuracy to locate HIFs.